科技论文写作之文章段落结构

本文最后更新于:December 25, 2020 pm

全文颜色说明

red代表与小标题相关的关键信息。
blue代表与小标题无关的重要信息。
green代表自己归纳出的对自己很关键的信息。

1. 文章的格局一经选定,千万不能偏离

写作的第一条原则是要预先考虑或者确定即将要写成的文章的格局.大多数文章,就其形式而言,规定的并没有那么明确,而是比较灵活的.但所有文章都有一个骨架,作者对文章的格局了解的越清楚,成功的希望越大.

2. 把段落作为文章的单位

A. 段落是一种实用而且方便的篇章单位.其可以是:简略的描述,面短的书评,对一件事情做简单的介绍,对一个行为做概括的叙述,提出一个想法等.一般来说,一个题目要求分成几个论题,每个论题用一段文字加以论述.

B. 每段的第一句话要么是点明观点,要不是文章的过渡.就段落而言,其与前文的关系,或者其作为整体的一部分的作用.可以用单词”again”,”therefore”,”for the same reason”过渡.

C. 段落的划分既要复合逻辑又要赏心悦目.大段大段的文章令人望而生畏,可以将其一分为二,即使在意义或者逻辑的发展上没有必要,但可以起到醒目的作用.一连串短小的段落会分散读者的注意力,读起来就像流水帐.总之,段落的划分主要考虑段落的适度和顺畅.

3. 概述时,自始至终始终用同一种时态

A. 在概述一个剧本的情节,一首诗,一个故事,一个相关工作的时候,时态可以使用如下:
通常用一般现在时,则之前的情节使用现在完成时
也可以用一般过去时,则之前的情节使用过去完成时
其中,作者无论使用哪一种时态,都应该自始至终使用。

特例:
B. 概述时无论用哪一种时态,间接引语和间接问句中的一般过去时保持不变

直接引语”是指在文中直接引用自己或者别人的原话. 而“间接引语”是用自己的话转述别人的意思。
直接引语:小明说:“下雨了,我今天不到奶奶家去.”
间接引语:小明说下雨了,他今天不到奶奶家去.

C. 相关工作写作
时态:一般现在时
写法:先用一两句话简要的说明我们所论作品的主题和背景,然后可以引用很多细节阐明作品的特征。不要按照年代先后顺序逐一讨论,而是要一开始就确立总的结论,然后再阐述细节。

4. 避免一连串结构松散的句子

结构松散的句子:由两个分句组成,第二个分句又由连词和关系引导词连接的句子.我们可能会写一整段这类句子,使用的连词主要有and,but,其次是用非限制性意思的关键词who,which,when,where,which.例如:

The third concert of the subscription series was given last evening, and a large audience was in attendance. Mr. Edward Appleton was the soloist, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra furnished the instrumental music. The former showed himself to be an artist of the first rank, while the latter proved itself fully deserving of its high reputation. The interest aroused by the series has been very gratifying to the Committee, and it is planned to give a similar series annually hereafter. The fourth concert will be given on Tuesday, May 10, when an equally attractive program will be presented.

句子结构机械对称,且节奏单调.我们可以将其修改为简单句,由分号连接的简单句,两个分句连接的吊尾句,由三个分句连接的吊尾句.核心是改成最能代表思想的真实关系的句子.而不是为了复杂而复杂,为了长句而长句.

I believe in aristocracy, though — if that is the right word, and if a democrat may use it. Not an aristocracy of power, based upon rank and influence, but an aristocracy of the sensitive, the considerate and the plucky. Its members are to be found in all nations and classes, and all through the ages, and there is a secret understanding between them when they meet. They represent the true human tradition, the one permanent victory of our queer race over cruelty and chaos. Thousands of them perish in obscurity, a few are great names. They are sensitive for others as well as for themselves, they are considerate without being fussy, their pluck is not swankiness but the power to endure, and they can take a joke.*