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red代表与小标题相关的关键信息。
blue代表与小标题无关的重要信息。
green代表自己归纳出的对自己很关键的信息。

1. 把一个句子中强调的词放在句尾

A. 作者想要强调的词或词组，在句中最恰当的位置是句尾。

Humanity has hardly advanced in fortitude since that time, though it has advanced in many other ways.

Since that time, humanity has advanced in many ways, but it has hardly advanced in fortitude.

With these hopes and in this belief I would urge you, laying aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to devote yourself unswervingly and unflinchingly to the vigorous and successful prosecution of this war.

B. 句子中另一个强调的位置位于句首。句中除主语外，任一成分位于句首时，都受到强调。

Deceit or treachery she could never forgive.

总之，需要强调的部分最恰当的方式时在句尾。这条原则不仅适用于句子内部的词语排序，也适用于段落中的句子排序，更适用于文章中的段落排序。

2. 位于句首的分词短语必须与句子的主语相关.

连词后的分词短语,介词后的动名词短语,作为同位语的名词短语,形容词短语位于句首时,其必须与句子的主语相关,主语是分句的主语.

Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accompanied by two children. (绿色部分其主语是he)
he saw a woman, accompanied by two children, Walking slowly down the road(绿色部分其主语是woman)

所以分词短语位于句尾的时候关联的不一定是句子的主语,但是位于句首时,关联的一定时句子的主语.否则句子会非常荒唐.

On arriving in Chicago, his friends met him at the station. (错误)
On arriving in Chicago, he was met at the station by his friends.

Young and inexperienced, the tack seemed easy to me. (错误)
Young and inexperienced, I thought the tack seemed easy.

Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap.(错误)
Being in a dilapidated condition, the house was able to be buyed by me very cheap

3. 用相似的形式表达并列的意思

平行结构,要求在内容和功能上相似的表达形式外表相似.形式上的相似能够使读者比较容易的辨认出内容和功能的相似. 很多作者错误的认为他应该经常不断的变换表达形式,因此常常违背平行结构的规则.

Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.

A. 一组词语并列
一组词语中各个词的冠词或者介词,要么只在第一个词前使用,要么在每个词前面使用.

the French, the Italians, the Spanish, and the Portuguese
in spring, summer, or winter (in spring, in summer, or in winter)

B. 介词并列
有些词在某些场景中需要特定的介词,当这些词在复合结构中连用时,除非介词相同,否则必须把所有恰当的介词都表达出来.

His speech was marked by disagreement and scorn for his opponent’s position. (错误,介词缺失)
His speech was marked by disagreement with and scorn for his opponent’s position.

C. 关系连词并列
both,and; not,but; not only, but also; either, or; first, second, third等后面应该是相同的语法结构.

It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.(错误, 一个是名词,一个是形容词)
The ceremony was both long and tedious.

It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.(错误, 一个是名词,一个是形容词)
The ceremony was both long and tedious.

It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.(错误, 一个是名词,一个是形容词)
The ceremony was both long and tedious.

My objections are, first, the injustice of the measure; second, that it is unconstitutional.(错误)
My objections are, first, that the measure is unjust; second, that it is unconstitutional.

4. 把相关的词放在一起,避免歧义

句子中的各个词的位置表示相互关系的主要手段,位置不当就会导致混乱和产生歧义.其中最容易出错的是修饰语:修饰语的位置应该尽可能的靠近他们所修饰的词.

He noticed a large stain in the rug that was right in the center.(歧义,污点在地毯中间,还是地毯在房子中间)
He noticed a large stain right in the center of the rug.

You can call your mother in London and tell her all about George’s taking you out to dinner for just two dollars.(歧义:60美分花在什么地方)
For just two dollars you can call your mother in London and tell her all about George’s taking you out to dinner.(For短语是修饰call动词的,所以应该和直接动词位置更近)

New York’s first commercial human-sperm bank opened Friday with semen samples from eighteen men frozen in a stainless steel tank.(歧义)
New York’s first commercial human- sperm bank opened Friday when semen samples were taken from eighteen men. The samples were then frozen and stored in a stainless steel tank.

A. 先行词是一个词组
先行词是一个词组,后面加一个关系词的从句,在很多时候很容易引起歧义.此时可以通过插入插入语 或 同位语 的方式来将关系从句修饰的词进行明确.

A proposal to amend the Sherman Act, which has been variously judged
A proposal, which has been variously judged, to amend the Sherman Act….(插入语限定修饰物,降低歧义)

The grandson of William Henry Harrison, who
William Henry Harrison’s grandson, Benjamin Harrison, who(同位语限定修饰人,降低歧义)

B. 多个修饰词修饰同一个词
多个修饰词修饰同一个词, 则应该将他们作恰当的排列,以免产生错误的修饰关系.

She only found two mistakes.
She found only two mistakes.

Major R. E. Joyce will give a lecture on Tuesday evening in Bailey Hall, to which the public is invited on “My Experiences in Mesopotamia” at 8:00 P.M.(3个修饰词都是修饰lecture的,所以位置应该离lecture近点)
On Tuesday evening at eight, Major R. E. Joyce will give a lecture in Bailey Hall on “My Experiences in Mesopotamia.” The public is invited.